How the COVID-19 Pandemic Changed the Work of Managers: Case Study of Economic Managers

The COVID-19 pandemic has fundamentally changed the business environment in many sectors. This study analyzes how the pandemic and the resulting global economic crisis have influenced changes in management. The aim was to explore changes in the dominance of management functions through the lens of economic managers in various companies. A case study approach was adopted to achieve the research objective. The sample file consisted of 238 managers from various operational fields in the Slovak Republic. A new methodology was created to measure the overall changes. An indicator of the rate of change in the dominance of the management functions was calculated. The index consists of two factors: changes in the time devoted to each management function during the pandemic, and changes in the importance of basic activities performed within the individual management function. This study provides an overview of all industries and describes the changes in the context of a company's revenue development during the pandemic. It was discovered that the centralization of strategic decision making was significantly underestimated. Up to 78.69% of managers working in companies whose revenues decreased during the pandemic increased the time devoted to planning, and 90.98% of them decreased the time devoted to leading people. © 2023 by the authors.

Remote care for chronic pain: A qualitative evaluation with managers, practitioners, and patients

The Covid-19 pandemic obliged many healthcare providers to transition rapidly to a remote-only model of care. Concerns have been expressed about patient access to remote services, their appropriateness for sensitive consultations and physical examinations. Pre-pandemic research into telemedicine showed evidence of its effectiveness, but patient, staff and service user perspectives on remote care approaches remain unclear. This study explored the experiences and perceptions of care among patients, practitioners and managers in a single United Kingdom chronic pain organisation whose services were delivered remotely (telephone and online) during the pandemic. Nineteen participants (seven patients, seven practitioners, five managers) took part in in-depth qualitative interviews, conducted via telephone or online. Transcripts were analysed thematically. Five service provider and four service user themes were generated. Service provider themes comprised "The change process," "Accessibility and efficiency," "Effective when remote: Contact, support and education," "Concerns about communication, connection and disembodied work," and "Supporting and sustaining the team." Patients' themes comprised "Preferences, expectations and acceptance of remote care," "Convenience and accessibility," "Sense of support" and "Delivery modality matters." The study provides evidence from the qualitative evaluation of a single remote only service of its benefits and limitations as perceived by stakeholders. Findings suggest that service providers could address limitations, and progress to a blended care package, based on for patient need and choice. Further attention could be paid to services delivered by telephone, and to staff communication skills, resources, time management and wellbeing needs.Copyright © Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

TIME MANAGEMENT AND RISK FACTORS IN LIFE-THREATENING ANCA-VASCULITIS

BackgroundAccuracy of diagnosis and prompt therapeutic intervention are the mainstay in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis(AAV) suffering from life-threatening complications [1].However, there is no definition of therapeutic window in vital AAV, nor its impact on patient outcome regarding length of hospital stay, intensive care unit(ICU) admission or survival.ObjectivesThe aim of the study is to analyze the process of care from the perspective of time management in vital organ involvement AAV patients and to identify potential risk factors for ICU admission.MethodsA retrospective multicenter study identified AAV patients with life-threatening organ involvement, defined as alveolar hemorrhage, rapidly progressive renal failure, myocarditis and cerebral granuloma. Demographic data was collected. Key time frames were recorded, namely the interval from acute symptom onset to hospital presentation, days until imaging(plain X-ray, cardiac ultrasound, CT-scan), time to therapeutic intervention with corticosteroids or biologic/non-biologic immunosuppression(cyclophosphamide or rituximab) and to renal replacement therapy(RRT) or plasmapheresis. Time to ICU admission, hospital length-of-stay, Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score(BVAS) were also noted. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS and Chi-square and Pearson correlation tests were applied.Results66 patients with AAV were enrolled, out of which 17 fulfilled inclusion criteria. Mean age in the study group was 58.6±11.1 years old,10 patients(58.8%) were females and 7 (41.2%) males.11(64.7%) patients were c-ANCA positive, while 6 (35.3%) had p-ANCA and all were diagnosed with AAV prior to life-threatening event. Two patients had COVID-19 triggered AAV.In the study group, the most frequent critical organ suffering was rapidly progressive renal failure(12), followed by alveolar hemorrhages(10), 2 cerebral granulomas and one acute myocarditis. Three patients(17.6%) had more than one vital manifestation. Ten patients(58.8%) had more than three additional non-organ-threatening manifestations. Mean interval from AAV diagnosis to emergency admission was 30.1± 61.1 days, median 3 and from severe episode onset to hospitalization 1.65±0.18 days, median 1. There was only one death in the study group. Three patients were admitted in the ICU in 0.59±1.5 days following hospital presentation and required either RRT or plasma exchange within 2.66 days. Imaging examination was performed unanimously the day upon hospital admission. All patients received corticosteroids in the first 5.95±14.3 days, while immunosuppression was given to 13(76.5%) patients within 11.5±15.5 days from hospitalization.12 patients(70.5%) suffered from associated infections. Mean BVAS(13.6±6.76) correlated to ICU admission(p 0.013, r 0.58).Patients in ICU revealed higher BVAS(22±9.53) versus non-ICU(11.8±4.76).Hospital length of stay was 14.7±10.7 days(median 14) and showed no relationship to the type of severe organ involvement. The need for ICU caring was dominant in males(p 0.05) and confirmed in patients with proteinuria(p 0.012) and at least two major organ damage.ConclusionThis study shows that severity risk factors for potential ICU admission for life-threatening AAV appear to be male gender, proteinuria and the number of affected organs.Moreover, BVAS should be considered a useful tool to predict patients' risk for intensive care management since a higher score indicates a more aggressive disease.However, time to investigational or therapeutic intervention did not correlate to patient outcome in AAV.References[1]Geetha, D., Seo, P. (2011). Life-Threatening Presentations of ANCA-Associated Vasculitis. In: Khamashta, M., Ramos-Casals, M. (eds) Autoimmune Diseases. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-358-9_8Acknowledgements:NIL.Disclosure of InterestsNone Declared.

Assessment of Sleep Quality among Medical Students During the Covid- 19 Pandemic

Objective: To assess the sleep quality among medical students, comparing their sleep cycles during physical and online studies along with other factors associated with sleep patterns. Study Design: Cross-sectional Questionnaire based survey Place and Duration of Study: Department of Community Medicine, HITEC Institute of Medical Sciences Taxila from 1st January 2020 to 31st March 2020 Methodology: One hundred and forty seven students were surveyed in a time period of 1 month. The questionnaire included PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and other clinically validated questions. Students with known sleeping disorders were excluded from this survey. Result(s): There were 81 (55.1%) females and 65 (44.2%) males with mean age 20+/-1.4 years. Out of these 94(63.9%) were classified as "Poor Sleepers" and only 53 (36.1%) were "Good Sleepers". Poor sleep quality was associated with female gender (p<0.05), day-scholar residence status (p<0.054), excessive time required to sleep (p<0.00), excessive screen time usage (p<0.007), increased hours of study (p<0.089), experiencing trouble while driving, eating and socializing (p<0.002), lack of enthusiasm (p<0.000), unsatisfactory daily activities (p<0.000) and poor daytime alertness levels (p<0.360). 104 (70.7%) were aware of the effects of melatonin on sleep, only 51 (34.7%) admitted to have used coffee to stay awake at night. 98 (66.7%) subjects were pre-exam workers, 95 (64.6%) admitted not being able to wake up easily in the morning. Conclusion(s): The students and hostelites that used less screen time slept better. Excessive daytime tiredness was also a result of poor sleeping habits. Students who studied for longer periods of time and had difficulty waking up in the morning slept poorly. Poor sleepers also find it difficult to interact and are often unambitious about performing their daily menial tasks, as well as displeased with their daily activities. As a matter of fact, we deduce that sleep quality has unanticipated consequences for medical students' social and mental health.Copyright © 2023 Lahore Medical And Dental College. All rights reserved.

Inequality in the time of corona virus

The Covid-19 pandemic provides an opportunity to organization and management scholars to revisit some of the foundational assumptions that underpin our thriving research streams. In this essay, the author talk about what he think is this pandemic's biggest revelation: How we have chronically overlooked inequality in our work. When it comes to inequality in and around organizations, Covid-19 has truly laid bare how one of the defining afflictions of our time has escaped scrutiny from management scholar. The grand challenge is less Covid-19 and more the unjust socio-economic context around it. As management researchers, our focus should not just be on how organizations are coping with it, or who survives and who perishes, but also on what aspects of organization have been laid bare in this pandemic. The 'new normal' must include a better appreciation of the vast inequalities and injustices that characterize organizations, but which remain conspicuous by their absence in our literature. Scholars must think of new ways of approaching organizations, a way that underlines the tensions that exist just below the surface, and the different lives that are led within them. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Self-isolated but not alone: Community management work in the time of a pandemic

As the COVID-19 crisis forces individuals to self-isolate, work from home, and find new leisure activities, an increasing number are turning to online gaming. These online communities are often developed by community managers who work to engage communities and establish norms. Community management work, broadly, is considered the "soft-skilled" labor of communication, diplomacy, and empathy within an online community. Despite an obvious need for this work in mediating the myriad of personalities and sheer number of users, community management is often underpaid and precarious. Using early interviews with community managers, conducted during the COVID-19 crisis, I aim to highlight those who work promoting pro-social behavior in leisure spaces online. This work plays a vital role in community well-being, particularly for those who have not previously interacted extensively online. Community management is arguably an essential service during times of self-isolation, as they corral toxicity and shepherd users into positive online communities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Effective Conduction of Laboratory Courses in Online Learning using Virtual Lab

In the Covid 19 pandemic, education shifted from offline to online, impacting a lot of technical education. The online theory courses were conducted effectively, but there were a lot of problems the faculty faced in conducting laboratory courses. This problem includes an ineffective demonstration of lab experiments, difficulty in time management, monitoring, and assessment, inability to tackle the issues of various students' learning styles, and unavailability of a common platform for online lab conduction. In technical education, the lab course plays a vital role. We found that a virtual laboratory is the best solution to address these issues. Many virtual labs are available for programming courses but need a customized Virtual lab for core courses. In this paper, we have carried out 16 surveys through Google forms to get inputs/feedback from faculties and students to get difficulties in online lab conduction and how we can make the best use of virtual labs online to conduct the lab experiment online mode. We designed and created the virtual laboratory for the Computer Networks Lab course with various learning materials, including theory, simulation videos, pre-test & post-test, and the procedure to conduct the lab experiment, which benefited the students. The implemented virtual lab found more effective. We found the significant impact on the result of CN Lab after using the customized virtual lab for CN Lab course. © 2022, Rajarambapu Institute Of Technology. All rights reserved.

Exploring Health Science Faculty Perceptions Regarding Their Readiness to Teach Online

Instructional technology has offered faculty new and Innovative ways in which to prepare and deliver learning materials to students online. Although online learning has been a part of the higher education landscape, it has not been traditionally utilized by health science faculty to its fullest capacity. PURPOSE: The purpose of this pilot study was to examine health science faculty perceptions regarding their readiness to teach online. METHODS: This study employed a mixed method design using a sequential explanatory framework. Faculty readiness was identified by their attitude regarding competencies and ability perceptions using the Faculty Readiness to Teach Online (FRTO) instrument. RESULTS: Health science faculty have limited training in teaching online, and there is a significant difference in perceptions and attitudes towards which competencies in remote instruction are critical to focus on. OUTCOMES: Findings confirm the online instruction training needs of health science faculty that will support engagement of health science students as adult learners both meaningfully and effectively now and in the future. J Allied Health 2023;52(1):e1-e8.

The experience of time boundaries in remote working

In this paper I consider the experiences around the time boundary of therapeutic sessions of both therapists and patients working remotely during the pandemic. I discuss the precision of electronic time and the different dynamics around the beginning of sessions. The business of arriving, whether early, on time or late, has different drivers and meanings in the online world. I consider how difficult it is to take up these dynamics adequately when faced with the real uncertainties of internet connections. Communications between therapist and patient around time boundaries have also presented new challenges, and the way sessions end is very different. The experience of time within sessions is altered, and sessions are no longer bracketed with the journey to and from the consulting room. The dynamics around power and vulnerability are different and the management of time boundaries bring these dynamics vividly to life. The paper closes with some practical considerations around remote working as this is likely to be a part of our practice even after the pandemic is finally over. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Weaponizing and resisting time: Race, gender and punishment

This dissertation explores time and imprisonment: I center the narratives of women, their understanding of the ordering of the clock, and experiences of time while they navigated the criminal justice system. I conducted ethnographic research with currently and formerly incarcerated women in and around upstate New York from February 2018 through February 2022. Discussions were centered around issues they were facing while on the inside and how we as advocates-though limited-could help. Interviews probed for how time was understood, passed, and even resisted inside jails and prisons. Women's time, especially poor women and women of color, are subject to greater levels of punishment, which can be seen through and in public and private spheres. I argue time is structurally and physically weaponized against the incarcerated women and their families. I simultaneously expose how time is used as a means of power and social control in, by, and through the government and the criminal justice system. I thus look at how the management of time is key to statecraft. The weaponization of time is at the discretion of the state and its actors-all of which was exacerbated by the looming COVID-19 pandemic. I also discuss how women negotiated, marked, and understood the time of imprisonment in both jail and prison spaces. Finally, I address how incarcerated people created means to combat these abuses of power-from what Scott (1985) called 'weapons of the weak' to organized and collective forms of resistance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Combination of transcranial direct current stimulation with online cognitive training improves symptoms of Post-acute Sequelae of COVID-19: a case series

Abstract Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) has been associated with cognitive impairment and complains in up to 90% of individuals after the infection by COVID 19. In this context, there is an urgent need to develop treatments for this disorder. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation intervention that can modulate neuronal excitability and improve PASC neurocognitive symptoms. Here, we investigated the effects of this intervention in a case series of four patients with cognitive symptoms using the Assessment of PASC (A-PASC) inventory. The intervention consisted of 20-minute, 2mA, 20 daily sessions of bilateral prefrontal (anodal-left/cathodal-right) tDCS (1x1 Mini-CT, Soterix Medical, New York, NY) plus online cognitive training using the BrainHQ platform (Posit Science, San Francisco, Glenn Smith). Several neuropsychological domains were assessed at baseline and endpoint. After treatment, all participants described cognitive and emotional complaints decreasing. The neuropsychological assessment showed that the participants performed better for delayed and immediate recall in the verbal episodic memory task. They showed an improving trend in lexicon assessment, and in phonemic verbal fluency. The same was observed for the sustained attention task. Also, the participants showed a trend in becoming faster and more accurate in processing speed, and in executive function (inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility and time management). These are preliminary results from a pilot study that preceded an ongoing, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial comparing the effects of cognitive training combined with sham or active tDCS at University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Research Category and Technology and Methods Clinical Research: 9. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Keywords: transcranial direct current stimulation, cognitive training, cognitive impairment, Post-Acute Sequelae of Sars-Cov2Copyright © 2023

How does working from home during COVID-19 affect what managers do? Evidence from time-use studies

Our study examines the effects of the sudden shift to WFH on three specific aspects of managerial work: how managers allocate their time across different activities;whether the incidence and length of different activities (e.g., meetings) changed;and whether the changes in time allocation and activity structure varied according to the type of organization employing the manager. We use this evidence to inform and inspire the discussion of two questions related to the development of human-computer interaction (HCI) technology. In particular: 1) can HCI technology reduce (or even eliminate) the possible additional burden that managers experience due to the shift to working from home? And 2) can HCI technology help take advantage of opportunities for improving managerial productivity and wellbeing that are made possible by this shift? Our findings indicate that the forced transition to WFH created by the COVID pandemic was associated with a drastic reduction in commuting time. Managers did not reallocate the "extra" time to personal activities, rather reallocating the time gained from commuting toward more time spent in meetings. These results suggest an attempt to to recoup some of the extemporaneous interactions that typically happen in the office. Furthermore, managers employed by larger organizations - i.e. managers whose typical interactions are likely to be more complex and include a broader number and variety of people - were disproportionately affected by WFH arrangements during the COVID pandemic. We find that this group ended up spending more time in work-related meetings, and less time in personal activities, relative to managers employed by small/medium-sized organizations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Internet Addiction and its Determinants among Medical Undergraduates during the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Cross Sectional Survey

Background: Medical students are at higher risk of adverse mental health outcomes, with higher risk of developing substance & behavioural addictions which stem from maladaptive coping behaviours to stress. Considering the dearth in literature regarding internet addiction in this population, this study was undertaken to understand its associations with various psychological determinants. Methodology: An online survey was conducted among undergraduates at a government medical college using snowballing technique for sampling during COVID pandemic. Assessment tools included Young's Internet Addiction Test, WHO ASSIST V 3.0, DASS-21, MSPSS, UCLA Loneliness Scale, fear of Coronavirus-19 scale and 2 others. The objectives were to estimate prevalence of problematic internet usage, internet addiction with compulsive substance abuse in this population and to assess its psychological determinants. Data was analysed using SPSS v27.0 Grad Pack. Result(s): Of the 106 study participants, 40 (37.7%) screened positive for moderate to severe internet addiction. Internet addiction was found to have significant positive association with tobacco use (p=0.04), depression (0.03) & stress (p=0.03) significant negative association with perceived social support from family (p=0.02) and friends (p=0.038). Stepwise multiple linear regression was done to derive predictive model which included substance use, fear of COVID perceived social support and time management & performance domain;that explained 78.5% change in internet addiction. Conclusion(s): The findings suggest significant co-occurrence of substance & behavioural addictions which speaks to common vulnerabilities underlying addictions. The identification of risk factors for internet addiction will help screening & their redressal may influence the outcomes in vulnerable individuals. Keyword: Internet addiction, risk factors, medical students, COVID-19.

Students' Time Management, Academic Procrastination, and Performance during Online Science and Mathematics Classes

COVID-19 affected all sectors, including academia, which resulted in an increase in online learning. While education continued through online platforms, various students-related problems arose, including improper time management, procrastination, and fluctuating academic performance. It is in this context that this quantitative study was carried out to determine how time management and procrastination affected students' performance in science and mathematics during the pandemic. We surveyed 650 Filipino high school students using the Procrastination Assessment Scale-Students and Wayne State University's Time Management questionnaire with a 0.93 reliability coefficient. The findings revealed that in science and mathematics, female students outperformed males. Eleven 12-year-olds had the highest mean grades in science and mathematics, while 15 16-year-olds had the lowest. Younger respondents (11-14) were more likely to have better time management in than older ones. Further, older respondents (15-18) procrastinate more than younger ones. Time management correlates positively with success in science and mathematics. Achievement in science and mathematics is the highest among students with good time management. Procrastination negatively affects achievement. High school students who procrastinated less fare better in mathematics. With this, the study opens possibilities for teaching older learners in time management to boost their performance. Students across ages should be urged to avoid procrastinating as it negatively affects academic performance. As reinforcement, schools may educate learners on time management and procrastination avoidance through orientations and other platforms. © 2022 Society for Research and Knowledge Management. All rights reserved.

Perception of Fourth year MBBS students regarding online learning during Covid-19 pandemic

Aim: To assess the perception of fourth year MBBS students regarding online learning during Covid 19 pandemic. Study Design: Cross sectional survey. Setting(s): Department of Community Medicine, Lahore Medical and Dental College, Lahore. Duration of study: Four months, from April to July, 2022. Study population: All students registered in fourth year MBBS. Methodology: A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 154 study participants. It consisting of two sections. The first part consisted of background information of study participants. The second portion assessed the perception of students regarding online education during Covid 19.The data was recorded and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Data were described in the form of frequencies and percentages and presented as tables. Result(s): Study participants included 51% females, 57%-day scholars and 83% who had done FSc. Around 62% did not find online learning effective, 73% had communication difficulties, 75% liked self-directed approach of online learning but 74% thought that it was difficult to collaborate with each other, 71% found time management easy, though it was difficult to ask questions and receiving answers (59%). Around 78% of students perceived lack of satisfaction compared with class room learning, 66% preferred face to face learning and 73% found online education less comprehensible than class room activities. Among students, 53% recognised online learning as enjoyable and 34% wanted it to be done regularly, as 32%students never experienced any difficulty during online sessions. The main issues faced in online activities were absence of internet connection (85%), poor computer skills (73%), electricity breakdown (85%) and lack of concentration (80%). Practical implication: The present study highlighted that majority of fourth year MBBS students preferred classroom learning in comparison with online sessions. In light of pandemic, online education has proven valuable in managing sudden crisis, which is why it was important to understand the student perception regarding online education during covid-19 at Lahore Medical and Dental College, Lahore. Conclusion(s): Compared with males, higher number of females complained of lack of internet access and having poor computer skills. Seminars and regular training must be undertaken by medical colleges for their staff and students to inculcate interest and highlight the importance of online education as one of the tools for learning. Online education must be made more interactive and student cantered to create interest and improve student concentration.Copyright © 2023 Lahore Medical And Dental College. All rights reserved.

Time use, work and leisure in the UK before, during, between and following the Covid-19 lockdowns

This paper presents findings from time-use surveys in the UK, which were conducted prior to, during and following the Covid-19 lockdowns in 2020 and 2021. These findings are set against the background of evidence from similar surveys in the UK and globally from 1920s onwards. Movements into and out of successive lockdowns between 2020 and 2021 disrupted former temporary routines with consequences that endured in 2022. There has been no return to the old normal, or even towards that normal. The new normal was a population with more leisure time than pre-pandemics but which was also spending more time doing paid work. There were differences in sex, age and income, but overall time had been released for other uses by people doing less travelling, less studying and less unpaid child care. Extra leisure time was being filled mainly by the media. [ FROM AUTHOR]

Feasibility and acceptability of virtual career development workshop for pediatric endocrine trainees: A PedsENDO365 initiative

Objectives The identification of goals and development of skills that align with an individual's values provides a professional pathway for success and aids in preventing burnout. This process has been threatened by the COVID 19 pandemic, thus, we created a virtual professional development program for pediatric endocrine fellows training in the United States. Methods PedsENDO 365 is a Pediatric Endocrine Society initiative launched to address year-round learning needs of pediatric endocrine fellows. The workgroup engaged with fellowship program directors across the US as key stakeholders. Lack of resources and expertise, partly due to small program size, were noted as major barriers. Fellow participants completed a pre-workshop inventory to elucidate their personal values, skills and career interests, and to create short and long term learning and career goals. A two-hour session included a presentation about career trajectories, description of individual learning planning process and I-SMART (Important - Specific, Measurable, Actionable, Realistic, Time-limited) goal setting. Learners participated in small group discussions facilitated by program directors about the assessment and alignment of skills, interests, and values when developing goals. Results 39 fellows (1st to 4th year) participated in the workshop. 24 attendees (83% women, 13% men and 4% non-binary, 1st year=17%, 2nd year=54%, 3rd year=25%, 4th year=4%) completed an evaluation of the program. 96% fellows found the session relevant and would recommend it to other fellows. The three major takeaways were the importance of aligning values and skills with career goals, setting I-SMART goals, and the importance of time management and work-life balance. The fellows enjoyed the flexibility afforded by the remote session for connecting with participants and leaders across the country. Conclusions A virtual professional development for pediatric endocrine trainees is feasible and well received by participants. Professional societies can provide virtual career development programs to allow networking opportunities with individuals outside their institutions.

Teaching Writing in Emergency Distance Education: The Case of Primary School Teachers

This is a case study examining the writing teaching processes of primary school teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Fifty-four primary school teachers who conduct their writing teaching practices by distance education took part in the study. The data were gathered through a semi-structured interview form developed by the researcher under the guidance of an expert. The interviews were conducted via video chat programs. After having the participant's consent, the interviews were recorded. In the analysis of the transcribed texts, descriptive and content analysis methods were used. The results were divided into five groups after the data analysis, and these are: first writing experiences, situations originating from the teacher, situations originating from the student, situations originating from the student's parents, and recommendations. The results revealed that sufficient significance was not given to the writing tasks during the pandemic, and these efforts were postponed to the next semester when it was expected that face-to-face education would begin. In the process, the study revealed that student motivation was poor, there were issues in the management of the classroom environment, and writings of students could not be provided with the necessary feedback and corrections. Besides, what stands out that for teaching writing, parent support is required, and parents do not pay desired attention to the writing. However, primary school teachers have provided some suggestions for more effective writing teaching.

The Pandemic Period and the Parent-Child Relationship

The aim of this study is to investigate parents' relationships with their children during the pandemic period. The study is a qualitative research study and was conducted with a case study design. The study group of this research consisted of 19 parents. The study group was selected using the criterion sampling method of purposive sampling. The criteria specified in this research were that parents should have a child attending preschool and at least a secondary school level of education. The research data were gathered during the 2019-2020 academic year via interviews conducted with parents having at least one child who was still receiving preschool education, using a semi-structured interview form. The study variables were age, occupation, education level, number of children, and cohabitation status of the parents. The data obtained from the interviews were analysed using the content analysis method. Accordingly, the researcher aimed to assess, through content analysis, the reasons for directly unobservable or non-quantifiable behaviours of the parents by conducting interviews. The research findings revealed that the positive aspects of the parent-child relationship during the pandemic were stated to be spending time together, sharing, doing activities, and communication, while the negative aspects were reported as social isolation, domestic conflicts, and mobile phone addiction. Changes in the mother-child relationship during the pandemic were revealed to be related to knowing each other, spending time together, conflicts, and obeying rules, while in terms of the father-child relationship, changes were seen in communication, doing activities and sense of responsibility. While participants evaluated domestic relationships positively with regard to being together, being supportive and positive communication, they regarded them negatively in terms of conflicts, communication problems and boredom. Lastly, participants stated that educational activities, playing games, watching educational videos and preparing food were the activities on which the most time was spent.

Designing "Virtual Social Europe Days" -- An International Collaborative Seminar across Closed Borders

"Social Europe Days" is a collaborative four-day international seminar held yearly near Brussels, Belgium, by a network of ten European universities from eight different countries. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the seminar had to be offered virtually and redesigned. The final design included synchronous and asynchronous activities, informal and formal interactions, and a focus on empathy for the existential problems faced by participating students and faculty during the pandemic. This article describes the design challenges, the design choices and decisions that led to the virtual seminar design, and reflections based on lead faculty notes, member checking, and student evaluations.